Languages of diplomacy Towards a fairer distribution.

TRANSLATION and interpretation in matters of diplomacy is tricky. Language enthusiasts particularly enjoy the story of the Treaty of Wuchale, signed between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889. The text didn’t read the same in Amharic and Italian. The former guaranteed Ethiopia’s king Menelik II a good measure of autonomy in conducting foreign affairs. The latter established an Italian protectorate with no flexibility. The culprit: one verb, forming a permissive clause in Amharic and a mandatory one in Italian. Six years later, the differing interpretations led to war. Ethiopia won.

If only the Ethiopians and Italians had modern translators at their side. Treaty translation is big business today. The European Union, for example, spends an estimated €300m annually on translating between its 23 official languages. (While this is a big chunk of money, it’s less than 1% of the EU’s annual budget.) Three of those—English, French, and German—are working languages in most meetings. In reality, English (to the chagrin of the French) is most commonly used. But because each document must be faithfully recreated in each of the EU’s 23 languages, creating authentic versions can be expensive and time-consuming. Thankfully, most problems are dealt with in procès-verbal, a way to introduce technical corrections to treaties without revisiting negotiations. It might still delay matters. Last year, for example, Ireland’s ratification of an EU treaty was delayed by grammatical errors in the Irish version. There are obvious trade-offs to language equality, but the EU has calculated that the delays and costs are worth it.

Why Relying on Family Members, Friends and Children is Not Advisable

There is some reliance on saying that a patient’s family members or friends can —
or should — appropriately serve as interpreters. However, significant problems can arise from the use of family members, friends and particularly children, rather than trained professionals, as interpreters. Patients may suffer direct consequences because they do not fully understand a diagnosis or treatment. One study noted that interpreting errors by “ad hoc” interpreters — including family members and friends — are significantly more likely to have potential clinical consequences than interpreting provided by hospital interpreters. Using trained interpreters can ensure confidentiality, prevent conflict of interest, and make sure that medical terms are interpreted correctly.

Adult family members or friends who act as
interpreters often do not interpret accurately.
Untrained interpreters are prone to omissions,
additions, substitutions, and volunteered
answers. For example, family members and
friends often do not understand the need
to interpret everything the patient says, and
may summarize information instead. They
may also inject their own opinions and
observations, or impose their own values and
judgments as they interpret. Family members
and friends who act as interpreters may
themselves have limited English language
abilities and may be completely unfamiliar
with medical terminology. Furthermore many
patients will not disclose sensitive or private
information to family members and friends
when the interpreter is a minor. Children
who interpret for their LEP parents act as
“language brokers” and informally mediate,
rather than merely interpret or translate
information.42 Children who act as language
brokers often influence the content of the
messages they translate, which in turn affects
their parents’ decisions. Other concerns
with using children as interpreters include:
requiring children to take on
additional burdens, such as
decision-making responsibilities;
• creating friction and a role reversal
within the family structure, which
can even lead to child abuse;
• violating beneficiary confidentiality, which
can lead to inadequate services or
mistakes in the provision of services; and
• causing children to miss school.
The potential for harm is exacerbated
when providers use children to translate
in gynecological or reproductive health
settings. For example, in one case a
provider performing an ultrasound on
a pregnant LEP patient instructed the
patient’s seven-year-old daughter to tell
her mother that the baby was stillborn.
The provider only called a trained medical
interpreter when the daughter became
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Further exemplifying the problems of using
children as interpreters, a study of 150
Vietnamese- and Mexican-American women
who are or had been welfare recipients in
California found that more than half (53.3
percent) used their children to translate
providers may thus receive incomplete
information that can prevent them from
correctly diagnosing a condition. For example,
if a battered woman is brought to the hospital
by her batterer, who is then asked to interpret
for her, the battered woman is not likely to
reveal the scope and cause of her injuries.
Guidance from the federal Department
of Health and Human Services’ Office
for Civil Rights recognizes the drawbacks
of using family members and friends
and encourages the use of trained
interpreters whenever possible.41
While many problems can result from
using adult family members and friends
as interpreters, additional problems arise
for them. Most used their children for
communicating with schools and government
agencies and filling out forms. More than
half of the women who used their children
as interpreters identified problems with this
practice. The top four problems were:
• the child translated incorrectly;
• the child left out information;
• the information was too
technical for the child; and
• the child was unable to properly
translate due to limited language skills.
Several of the Mexican-American women
reported that their children sometimes
answered questions without first checking
with them.
These potential problems should caution
health care providers from relying on family
members, friends and children to interpret
in clinical settings, except in emergencies.
The remaining chapters of this guide provide
information and resources for identifying
trained, competent interpreters and translators
to ensure accurate communication occurs.

Source NHELP

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